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A Developer’s Guide to Mastering IBM i Concepts

Z-add(H)

Half adjust (round) of the numeric value while adding zero to factor 2.

D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              5S 1

//it will add the value of b and Result (i.e., 10.20 and 0)
//and assign a 10.2 value to the Result variable by rounding
//the value from 10.20 to 10.2.
C                   EVAL      Result = 50
//Result value will automatically change from 50 to zero because of Z-ADD
C                   Z-ADD(H)  b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result
DSPLY    102

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Unlock

This opcode is used to unlock the dataarea.

CRTDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA) TYPE(*CHAR) LEN(30) VALUE(‘1001’)

                            Display Data Area
Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
Library . . . . . . . :     LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :
            Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
     0      '1001                  '

Example Program

D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)
C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    A1               30

C     *DTAARA       DEFINE                  DA               30
 *Locking Data Area DA to get value '1001' in C variable.
C     *LOCK         IN        DA
C                   MOVEL     DA            C                12

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA/C ' +
C                                                   'Variable : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY
 *Moving Integer value of C ('1001') in I (1001) variable.
C                   MOVEL     *ZEROS        I                12 0
C                   EVAL      I=%INT(C)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in I Varibale : ' + %CHAR(I)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Incrementing I by 1 to make value of I as 1002.
C                   ADD       1I
C                   EVAL      C=%CHAR(I)
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in C Varibale : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY
 *Storing Value 1002 in DA Data Area.
C                   MOVEL     C             DA
C                   MOVEL     C             A1
C                   OUT       DA
C                   UNLOCK    DA
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA/C Variable : 1001
DSPLY  Value in I Varibale : 1001
DSPLY  Value in C Varibale : 1002
DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA : 1002

DSPDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA)

                     Display Data Area
Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
Library . . . . . . .   :   LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :
           Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
    0      '1002                  '

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Scan(E)

Error handling while searching the string.

Example Program

D X               s              3S 0 Inz(32)
D K               s              3S 0 Inz(5)
D Pos             s              3S 0
D String          s             30A   Inz('Search String')

 //it will try to search the blank in the variable String ('Search String')
 //from starting position K (5) and 7 will assign it to the Pos variable.
C     ' '           SCAN      String:K      Pos
 //it will try to search the blank in the variable String ('Search String')
 // from starting position X (32) but display the 'Error' message as the 22 index
 //is not present in a String variable.
C     ' '           SCAN(E)   String:X      Pos
C                   IF        %ERROR
C     'SCAN(E)'     DSPLY
C     'Error'       DSPLY
C                   ENDIF

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  SCAN(E)
DSPLY  Error

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Readpe

READPE moves the pointer to the previous record and reads the record and again moves the pointer to next previous position and read the same matching record for factor-1.

ORDHDR

A          R ORDHDRR
A            OID            7  0       COLHDG('Order ID')
A            OITEM          7  0       COLHDG('Order Item')
A            OQTY           3  0       COLHDG('Order Qty.')
A            OPRICE         5  0       COLHDG('Order Price')
A          K OID
A          K OITEM

Example Program

Dcl-f ordhdr keyed;

Dcl-s order_id packed(7:0) inz(1);
Dcl-s Tprice packed(7:0) inz(0);
Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;

xDsply = 'Order ID | Item Number | Quantity | Price ';
DSPLY xDsply;

SETGT order_id ordhdr;
READPE order_id ordhdr;
DOW NOT %EOF();

   xDsply = %CHAR(oid) + ' | ' + %CHAR(oitem) + ' | ' +
            %CHAR(oqty) + ' | ' + %CHAR(oprice);
   DSPLY xDsply;

   Tprice = Tprice + oprice;

   READPE order_id ordhdr;

ENDDO;

xDsply = 'Total Price for Order ' + %CHAR(Order_id) +
                        ' is $' + %CHAR(Tprice);
DSPLY xDsply;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Order ID | Item Number | Quantity | Price
DSPLY  1 | 4 | 3 | 1200
DSPLY  1 | 2 | 1 | 400
DSPLY  1 | 1 | 2 | 200
DSPLY  Total Price for Order 1 is $1800

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Read

Read operation reads the records of a full procedural file. First of all, it reads the record where currently the pointer is and then advances the pointer to the next record.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Example Program

Femphdr    IF   E           K DISK

DDs1              ds                  LIKEREC(emphdrr)
DxDsply           s             50

C     *LOVAL        SETLL     emphdrr
C                   READ      emphdr        DS1                      90
 // *in90 at EQ-position indicates
 //           EOF() condition
C                   DOW       *IN90=*OFF
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Employee ID : ' + %CHAR(Ds1.eid)+
C                             ', Employee Name : ' + %CHAR(Ds1.ename)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   READ      emphdr        DS1                      90

C                   ENDDO

C                   IF        *IN90=*ON

C     'End of File' DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Employee ID : 1, Employee Name : Maanav Tripathi
DSPLY  Employee ID : 2, Employee Name : Priyam Narayan
DSPLY  Employee ID : 3, Employee Name : Priyanka Arora
DSPLY  Employee ID : 4, Employee Name : Naman
DSPLY  Employee ID : 6, Employee Name : Priya Sharma
DSPLY  Employee ID : 10, Employee Name : Raghav Verma
DSPLY  End of File

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Open

The OPEN opcode is used to explicitly open a file.

Program

dcl-f emphdr disk usropn usage(*input:*output:*update) keyed;

dcl-s xDsply Char(50) inz(*blanks);

IF NOT %OPEN(emphdr);
   OPEN emphdr;
   DSPLY 'EMPHDR is opened for operation';
ENDIF;

CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
IF %FOUND();
   xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
   DSPLY xDsply;
   ename = 'Maanav Tripathi';
   UPDATE emphdrr;
   DSPLY 'Name Updated!';
ENDIF;

 CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
 IF %FOUND();
    DSPLY 'Updated Data';
    xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
    DSPLY xDsply;
 ENDIF;

 CLOSE emphdr;
 DSPLY 'EMPHDR is closed';

 *INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  EMPHDR is opened for operation
DSPLY  Name : Manav Tripathi
DSPLY  Name Updated!
DSPLY  Updated Data
DSPLY  Name : Maanav Tripathi
DSPLY  EMPHDR is closed

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Mult & Mult(H)

This op-code multiplies factor-1 with factor-2 and places the result in result field.

Example Program

D a               s              4S 2 Inz(10.25)
D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              5S 1
D Result2         s              5S 2

 //it will multiply the value of a and b (i.e., 10.25 and 10.20)
 //and assign a 104.55 value to the Result2 variable..
C     b             MULT      a             Result2
C     'Result2'     DSPLY
C     Result2       DSPLY

 //it will multiply the value of a and b (i.e., 10.25 and 10.20)
 //and assign 104.6 value to the Result variable by rounding
 //the value from 104.55 to 104.6.
C     b             MULT(H)   a             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result2
DSPLY  10455
DSPLY  Result
DSPLY   1046

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Monitor

If no error indicator or ‘E’ extender is present and the code that generates the exception is in the MONITOR block of a MONITOR group, control will pass to the on-error section of the MONITOR group.

Example Program

HOPTION(*SRCSTMT)
Femphdr    UF A E             DISK    USROPN

D xDsply          s             50    Inz

C                   MONITOR

C                   MONITOR
 //If the error is 'file EMPHDR not OPEN', then
 //            open the file EMPHDR
C     10            SETLL     emphdr
C                   ON-ERROR  1211
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : File is not opened!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   OPEN      emphdr
C                   ENDMON

C                   MONITOR
C                   EVAL      ename='OOO'
C                   UPDATE    emphdrr

 //If the error is 'Update without prior INPUT/READ
 //            operation', then READ the file.
C                   ON-ERROR  1215
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : Update without prior Read!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   READ(E)   emphdr
C                   EVAL      ename='OOO'
C                   UPDATE(E) emphdrr
C                   ENDMON

 //If the error is 'any unhandled file error' then
 //            take the DUMP'.
C                   ON-ERROR  *FILE
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : Unhandled!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   DUMP(A)
C                   ON-ERROR
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error!!!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   DUMP(A)
C                   ENDMON

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Error : File is not opened!
DSPLY  Error : Unhandled!

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Lookup

It is used to look for an element in the array.

Example Program

   D Arr2            s              3  0 dim(5) ctdata perrcd(1)
   D N               s              2  0 inz(1)
   D xDsply          s             50    inz

   C     N             DO        5
   C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
   C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
   C     xDsply        DSPLY
   C                   EVAL      N=N+1
   C                   ENDDO

   C                   SORTA     Arr2
   C                   EVAL      N=1

   C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'After Sorting ARR2'
   C     xDsply        DSPLY
   C     N             DO        5
   C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
   C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
   C     xDsply        DSPLY
   C                   EVAL      N=N+1
   C                   ENDDO

   C     204           LOOKUP    Arr2                                   81
   C                   IF        *IN81=*ON
   C                   EVAL      xDsply = '204 is found in ARR2'
   C     xDsply        DSPLY
   C                   ENDIF

   C                   XFOOT     Arr2          Sum               4 0
   C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Sum of elements in ARR2 = ' +
   C                                                 %CHAR(Sum)
   C     xDsply        DSPLY

   C                   SETON                                        LR
** CTDATA Arr2
201
205
203
202
204

Output

    DSPLY  ARR2(1) = 201
    DSPLY  ARR2(2) = 205
    DSPLY  ARR2(3) = 203
    DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 202
    DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 204
    DSPLY  After Sorting ARR2
    DSPLY  ARR2(1) = 201
    DSPLY  ARR2(2) = 202
    DSPLY  ARR2(3) = 203
    DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 204
    DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 205
    DSPLY  204 is found in ARR2
    DSPLY  Sum of elements in ARR2 = 1015

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

LeaveSr

This opcode is used to take the control out of the subroutine inside which it is defined.

Example Program

Dcl-s F packed(3:0) inz;
Dcl-s Num packed(3:0) inz;
Dcl-s I packed(2:0) inz;
Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;


Num = 3;
EXSR calculateFactorial;

Num = 0;
EXSR calculateFactorial;

Num = 5;
EXSR calculateFactorial;

*INLR = *ON;

BEGSR calculateFactorial;

   F = 1;

   xDsply = %CHAR(Num) + '! = ';

   IF Num = 0;

      xDsply = %TRIM(xDsply) + ' Left calculateFactorial ' +
                                            'without processing';

      DSPLY xDsply;

      LEAVESR;

   ENDIF;

   FOR I = 1 TO Num;

      F = F * I;

   ENDFOR;

    xDsply = %TRIM(xDsply) + ' ' + %CHAR(F);

    DSPLY xDsply;

 ENDSR;

Output

DSPLY  3! = 6
DSPLY  0! = Left calculateFactorial without processing
DSPLY  5! = 120

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Leave

You can use LEAVE within a DO, DOU, DOUxx, DOW, DOWxx, or FOR loop to transfer control immediately from the innermost loop to the statement following the innermost loop’s ENDDO or ENDFOR operation.

The LEAVE (Leave a Do/For Group) operation is like the ITER operation. The ITER operation takes the control to ENDDO, ENDFOR while LEAVE transfers control to the statement following the ENDDO or ENDFOR operation.

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*zeros)

 * Loop through code starting from 0 till 5
C                   DOW       Count < 6

C                   IF        Count = 3

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Leave at : ' + %CHAR(Count)

C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   LEAVE

C                   ENDIF

C     Count         DSPLY

C                   EVAL      Count = Count + 1

C                   ENDDO

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Out of Loop'

C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY   0
DSPLY   1
DSPLY   2
DSPLY  Leave at : 3
DSPLY  Out of Loop

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Exsr

It is used to call and process a saubroutine.

Example Program

Dcl-s CharDate Char(6) Inz('031286');

TEST(DE) *MDY0 CharDate;
EXSR ErrCheck;

*INLR = *ON;

BEGSR ErrCheck;
   IF %ERROR();
      DSPLY 'Invalid Date';
   ELSE;
      DSPLY 'Valid Date';
   ENDIF;
ENDSR;

Output

DSPLY  Valid Date

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Do

The Do-EndDo loop is used when we have to iterate over a block of statements for specific number (say 10, 20 100) of times.

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(1)
D Value           s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*blanks)

 * Loop through code starting from 1 till 6
C     Count         DO        6             Value

C                   EVAL      xDsply = *Blanks

 * Loop through code starting from 1 till Value
C     1             DO        Value

C                   EVAL      xDsply = %TRIM(xDsply) + ' *'

C                   ENDDO

C                   EVAL      xDsply = %TRIM(xDsply)

C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  *
DSPLY  * *
DSPLY  * * *
DSPLY  * * * *
DSPLY  * * * * *

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Cat

The CAT operation concatenates two strings specified and places it in the result field.

Program

H OPTION(*SRCSTMT) DFTACTGRP(*NO)

D First_Name      s             11    inz(*blanks)
D Last_Name       s              5    inz(*blanks)
D Name            s             25    inz(*blanks)

C                   MOVEL     'Programmers' First_Name
C                   MOVE      'IO'          Last_Name

 *It appends First_Name('Programmers') to First_Name('Programmers')
 * and store result in Name variable as 'ProgrammersProgrammers   '.
C     First_Name    CAT       First_Name    Name
C     Name          DSPLY

 *It appends Last_Name('IO   ') to First_Name('Programmers')
 *with 1 space in between as specified after Last_Name (:1)
 * and store result in Name variable as 'Programmers    IOmmers   '
C     First_Name    CAT       Last_Name:1   Name
C     Name          DSPLY

 *It appends Last_Name('IO   ') to First_Name('Programmers')
 * and store result in Name variable as 'Programmers   IO         '
 * with padding done with blanks on right.
C     First_Name    CAT(P)    Last_Name     Name
C     Name          DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  ProgrammersProgrammers
DSPLY  Programmers    IOmmers
DSPLY  Programmers   IO

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Callp

This op-code calls a prototyped procedures or programs.

Program

H OPTION(*SRCSTMT) DFTACTGRP(*NO)

DSumTwoNumbers    PR
Dp                               2  0
Dq                               2  0
Dr                               2  0
 *
C                   Z-ADD     11            a                 2 0
C                   Z-ADD     22            b                 2 0
C                   Z-ADD     *zeros        c                 2 0
 *
C                   CALLP     SumTwoNumbers(a:b:c)
 *
C     'A'           DSPLY
C     a             DSPLY

C     'B'           DSPLY
C     b             DSPLY

C     'SUM'         DSPLY
C     c             DSPLY
C                   SETON                                        LR
 *
PSumTwoNumbers    B
DSumTwoNumbers    PI
Dp                               2  0
Dq                               2  0
Dr                               2  0
C                   EVAL      r=p+q
PSumTwoNumbers    E

Output

DSPLY  A
DSPLY  11
DSPLY  B
DSPLY  22
DSPLY  SUM
DSPLY  33

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Callb

This op-code calls a procedure that is bound statically to the main program

PROGB

D Up              c                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
D Lo              c                   'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    FieldA           50
C                   PARM                    FieldB           50

C     Lo:Up         XLATE     FieldA        FieldB

C                   SETON                                        LR

Example Program

C     PLST1         PLIST
C                   PARM                    a                 2 0
C                   PARM                    b                 2 0
C                   PARM                    c                 2 0
 *
C                   Z-ADD     11            a
C                   Z-ADD     22            b
C                   Z-ADD     *zeros        c
 *
C                   CALLB     'PROGB'       PLST1

C     'A'           DSPLY
C     a             DSPLY
C     'B'           DSPLY
C     b             DSPLY
C     'SUM'         DSPLY
C     c             DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

CRTRPGMOD MODULE(LIB/P R O G B) SRCFILE(LIB/QRPGLESRC) SRCMBR(P R O G B) REPLACE(*YES)
CRTRPGMOD MODULE(LIB/CALLBRPG) SRCFILE(LIB/QRPGLESRC) SRCMBR(CALLBRPG) REPLACE(*YES)
CRTPGM PGM(LIB/CALLBRPG) MODULE (LIB/CALLBRPG LIB/P R O G B) ENTMOD(*PGM)

Output

DSPLY  A
DSPLY  11
DSPLY  B
DSPLY  22
DSPLY  SUM
DSPLY  33

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Call

The CALL operation passes control to the program specified in factor 2.

PROGA

D Up              c                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
D Lo              c                   'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    FieldA           50
C                   PARM                    FieldB           50

C     Lo:Up         XLATE     FieldA        FieldB

C                   SETON                                        LR

Example Program

D FieldA          S             50    Inz('call to proga example')
D FieldB          S             50    Inz(' ')

 *  The CALL operation calls PROGA and allows PROGA to access
 *  FieldA and FieldB, defined elsewhere. PROGA is run using the content
 *  of FieldA and FieldB.  When PROGA has completed, control
 *  returns to the statement following the last PARM statement.
 *
 *

C                   CALL      'PROGA'
C                   PARM                    FieldA
C                   PARM                    FieldB

C     'FIELDA'      DSPLY
C     FieldA        DSPLY

C     'FIELDB'      DSPLY
C     FieldB        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY FIELDA
DSPLY call to proga example
DSPLY FIELDB
DSPLY CALL TO PROGA EXAMPLE

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

BegSr

The BEGSR operation identifies the beginning of a subroutine.

You may specify the same name on the: –

EXSR operation referring to the subroutine
In the result field of the CASxx operation referring to the subroutine
In the entry of an INFSR file specification keyword of the subroutine is a file-error subroutine.

Dcl-s CharDate Char(6) Inz('031286');

TEST(DE) *MDY0 CharDate;
EXSR ErrCheck;

*INLR = *ON;

BEGSR ErrCheck;
   IF %ERROR();
      DSPLY 'Invalid Date';
   ELSE;
      DSPLY 'Valid Date';
   ENDIF;
ENDSR;

Output

DSPLY Valid Date

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Z-sub(H)

Half adjust (round) of the numeric value while subtracting factor-2 from 0.

D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              5S 1

//it will subtract the value from Result to b (i.e., 0 and 10.20)
// and assign -10.2 value to the Result variable by rounding off .
//the value from 10.20 to 10.2.
C                   EVAL      Result = 50
//Result value will automatically change from 50 to zero because of Z-ADD
C                   Z-SUB(H)  b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result
DSPLY    102-

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Time

It gets the current system time.

Example Program

DTime0            S               T
DxDsply           S             50    Inz(*blanks)

C                   TIME                    Time0

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Time : ' + %CHAR(Time0)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                            LR

Output

DSPLY  Current Time : 09.09.12

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Z-sub

It subtracts numeric value in factor 2 from 0.

D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              4S 2

//it will subtract the value from Result to b (i.e., 0 and 10.20)
// and assign -10.2 value to the Result variable.
C                   EVAL      Result = 50
//Result value will automatically change from 50 to zero because of Z-SUB
C                   Z-SUB     b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY Result
DSPLY 1020-

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Z-add

Adds the numeric value in factor 2 with zero and store the result in result field.

D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              4S 2

//it will add the value of b and Result (i.e., 10.20 and 0)
//and assign a 10.20 value to the Result variable.
C                   EVAL      Result = 50
//Result value will automatically change from 50 to zero because of Z-ADD
C                   Z-ADD     b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result
DSPLY  1020

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Xlate(E P)

Error handling or padding with blank while translating from character to character by the protocol specified in factor-1.

D T               s              3S 0 Inz(4)
D X               s              3S 0 Inz(22)
D ChgCase2        s             10A   Inz('rpg dept')
D Result2         s             15A   Inz('XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX')

D Up              c                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
D Lo              c                   'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

//it will try to translate the Chgcase2 ('rpg dept') variable
//with Result2 ('XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') by the protocol specified
//in factor-1 and assignthe new value 'RPG DEPT   XXXXX' to theResult2.
C     Lo:Up         XLATE     ChgCase2      Result2
C     'XLATE'       DSPLY
C     Result2       DSPLY
C                   CLEAR                   Result2

//it will try to translate the Chgcase2 ('rpg dept') variable
//with Result2 ('XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') by the protocol specified
//in factor-1 and assignthe new value 'RPG DEPT        ' to
//the Result2 while padding the ?XXXXX? with blank of Result2.
C     Lo:Up         XLATE(P)  ChgCase2      Result2
C     'XLATE(P)'    DSPLY
C     Result2       DSPLY
C                   CLEAR                   Result2

C     Lo:Up         XLATE     ChgCase2:T    Result2
C     'XLATE'       DSPLY
C     Result2       DSPLY
C                   CLEAR                   Result2

//it will try to translate the Chgcase2 ('rpg dept') variable
//with Result2 ('XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX') from starting position X (22)
//by the protocol specified in factor-1 but diplay the 'Error'
//message as the 22 index is not present in ChgCase2 variable.
C     Lo:Up         XLATE(E)  ChgCase2:X    Result2
C                   IF        %ERROR
C     'XLATE(E)'    DSPLY
C     'Error'       DSPLY
C                   ENDIF
C                   CLEAR                   Result2

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  XLATE
DSPLY  RPG DEPT  XXXXX
DSPLY  XLATE(P)
DSPLY  RPG DEPT
DSPLY  XLATE
DSPLY  rpg DEPT
DSPLY  XLATE(P)
DSPLY  Error

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Xlate

This opcode is used for character-to-character translation by the protocol specified in factor-1.

D Up              c                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
D Lo              c                   'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    FieldA           50
C                   PARM                    FieldB           50

C     Lo:Up         XLATE     FieldA        FieldB

C     FieldB        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Call above program with parameter as ‘programmers.io’ and ‘ ‘.

Output

DSPLY  PROGRAMMERS.IO

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Xfoot

This op-code adds the elements of a numeric array.

D Arr2            s              3  0 dim(5) ctdata perrcd(1)
D xDsply          s             50    inz

C                   XFOOT     Arr2          Sum               4 0
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Sum of elements in ARR2 = ' +
C                                                 %CHAR(Sum)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR
** CTDATA Arr2
201
205
203
202
204

Output

DSPLY  Sum of elements in ARR2 = 1015

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Write

The WRITE operation writes a record in a database file.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Example Program

dcl-f emphdr disk usropn usage(*input:*output:*update:*delete) keyed;

dcl-s xDsply Char(50) inz(*blanks);

IF NOT %OPEN(emphdr);
   OPEN emphdr;
ENDIF;

eid = 11;
ename = 'Ramesh Kapoor';
edoj = %date(20200101);
edob = %date(19930106);
write emphdrr;

xDsply = 'Data Added :: ID : ' + %CHAR(eid) + ', Name : ' + ename;
DSPLY xDsply;

CLOSE emphdr;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Data Added :: ID : 11, Name : Ramesh Kapoor

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

When

The operations controlled by the WHEN operation are performed when the expression in the indicator-expression operand is true.

Dcl-s S Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s K Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s xDsply Char(50);
Dcl-s Error Char(1) Inz(' ');
FOR K = 1 to 6;
   SELECT;
   WHEN K = 1;
      S = 20+K;
      xdsply = 'Summation = ' + %CHAR(S);
      DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 2;
      S = 20-K;
      xdsply = 'Subtraction = ' + %CHAR(S);
      DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 3;
      S = 20*K;
      xdsply = 'Multiplication = ' + %CHAR(S);
      DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 4;
      S = 20/K;
      xdsply = 'Division = ' + %CHAR(S);
      DSPLY xdsply;
   OTHER;
      xdsply = 'No operation to perform';
      DSPLY xdsply;
   ENDSL;
ENDFOR;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Summation = 21
DSPLY  Subtraction = 18
DSPLY  Multiplication = 60
DSPLY  Division = 5
DSPLY  No operation to perform
DSPLY  No operation to perform

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Update

The UPDATE opcode is used to update a record in a file.

dcl-f emphdr disk usropn usage(*input:*output:*update) keyed;
dcl-s xDsply Char(50) inz(*blanks);
IF NOT %OPEN(emphdr);
   OPEN emphdr;
   DSPLY 'EMPHDR is opened for operation';
ENDIF;
CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
IF %FOUND();
   xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
   DSPLY xDsply;
   ename = 'Maanav Tripathi';
   UPDATE emphdrr;
   DSPLY 'Name Updated!';
ENDIF;
 CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
 IF %FOUND();
    DSPLY 'Updated Data';
    xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
    DSPLY xDsply;
 ENDIF;
 CLOSE emphdr;
 DSPLY 'EMPHDR is closed';
 *INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  EMPHDR is opened for operation
DSPLY  Name : Manav Tripathi
DSPLY  Name Updated!
DSPLY  Updated Data
DSPLY  Name : Maanav Tripathi
DSPLY  EMPHDR is closed

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Subst(E P)

Error handling or padding with blank while substring the string variable.

Example Program

D T               s              3S 0 Inz(4)
D X               s              3S 0 Inz(22)
D Length          s              3S 0 Inz(3)
D String1         s              8A
D Target          s              8A

C                   MOVE      'TEST123'     String1
C                   MOVE      *ALL'X'       Target
//it will substring the variable Target ('XXXXXXXX') with String1 ('TEST123')
//from starting position T(4) till length (3) and substring the
//value of target from 'XXXXXXXX' to 'T12XXXXX'.
C     Length        SUBST     String1:T     Target
C     'SUBST'       DSPLY
C     Target        DSPLY
//it will substring the variable Target ('XXXXXXXX') with String1 ('TEST123')
//from starting position X(22) till length (3) but display the 'Error' message
//as the 22 index is not present in Target variable.
C     Length        SUBST(E)  String1:X     Target
C                   IF        %ERROR
C     'SUBST(E)'    DSPLY
C     'Error'       DSPLY
C                   ENDIF
C                   MOVE      *ALL'X'       Target
//it will substring the variable Target ('XXXXXXXX') with String1 ('TEST123')
//from starting position T(4) till length (3) and substring the
//value of target from 'XXXXXXXX' to 'T12     '.
C     Length        SUBST(P)  String1:T     Target
C     'SUBST(P)'    DSPLY
C     Target        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  SUBST
DSPLY  ST1XXXXX
DSPLY  SUBST(E)
DSPLY  Error
DSPLY  SUBST(P)
DSPLY  ST1

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Subdur

SUBDUR operation code is used to perform arithmetic difference of duration in factor-2 from DATE, TIME, or TIMESTAMP value in factor-1. The result is placed in result field.

Example Program

  H TIMFMT(*USA) DATFMT(*MDY&)
   *
  DDateConst        C                   CONST(D'12 31 92')
   *
   * Define a Date field and initializeesult variable.
   *
  DLoanDate         S               D   DATFMT(*EUR) INZ(D'12 31 92')
  DDueDate          S               D   DATFMT(*ISO)
  DTimeStamp        S               Z
  DAnswer           S               T
  Dxx               S              2  0 Inz(1)
  Dyy               S              2  0 Inz(1)
  Dzz               S              2  0 Inz(30)

   * Determine a LoanDate which is xx years, yy months, zz days earlier
   * than DueDate.
  C     DueDate       SUBDUR    xx:*YEARS     LoanDate
  C                   SUBDUR    yy:*MONTHS    LoanDate
  C                   SUBDUR    zz:*DAYS      LoanDate
  C     'LOANDATE'    DSPLY
  C     LoanDate      DSPLY
  C     'DUEDATE'     DSPLY
  C     DueDate       DSPLY

   * Determine the date 23 days earlier
   *
  C                   SUBDUR    23:*D         LoanDate
  C     '- 23 Days'   DSPLY
  C     LoanDate      DSPLY

   * Subtract a 1234 microseconds to a timestamp
   *
  C     'TIMESTAMP'   DSPLY
  C     TimeStamp     DSPLY
  C                   SUBDUR    -1234:*MS     TimeStamp
  C     '- 1234 MS'   DSPLY
  C     TimeStamp     DSPLY

   * Subtract 12 HRS and 16 minutes to midnight
   *
  C     'ANSWER'      DSPLY
  C     Answer        DSPLY

  C     T'00:00 am'   SUBDUR    12:*Hours     Answer
  C     '- 12 Hrs'    DSPLY
  C     Answer        DSPLY

  C                   SUBDUR    16:*Minutes   Answer
  C     '- 16 Min'    DSPLY
  C     Answer        DSPLY
  C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  LOANDATE
DSPLY  1991-10-31
DSPLY  DUEDATE
DSPLY  31.12.1992
DSPLY  - 23 Days
DSPLY  1991-10-08
DSPLY  TIMESTAMP
DSPLY  0001-01-01-00.00.00.000000
DSPLY  - 1234 MS
DSPLY  0001-01-01-00.00.00.001234
DSPLY  ANSWER
DSPLY  00:00 AM
DSPLY  - 12 Hrs
DSPLY  12:00 PM
DSPLY  - 16 Min
DSPLY  11:44 AM

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Sorta

It is used to sort the array element.

Example Program

D Arr2            s              3  0 dim(5) ctdata perrcd(1)
D N               s              2  0 inz(1)
D xDsply          s             50    inz

C     N             DO        5
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      N=N+1
C                   ENDDO

C                   SORTA     Arr2
C                   EVAL      N=1

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'After Sorting ARR2'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C     N             DO        5
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
C                   EVAL      N=N+1
C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR
** CTDATA Arr2
201
205
203
202
204

Output

DSPLY  ARR2(1) = 201
DSPLY  ARR2(2) = 205
DSPLY  ARR2(3) = 203
DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 202
DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 204
DSPLY  After Sorting ARR2
DSPLY  ARR2(1) = 201
DSPLY  ARR2(2) = 202
DSPLY  ARR2(3) = 203
DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 204
DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 205

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Seton

It is used to on indicator. (assign ‘1’)

Example Program

   D Arr2            s              3  0 dim(5) ctdata perrcd(1)
   D N               s              2  0 inz(1)
   D xDsply          s             50    inz

   C     N             DO        5
   C                   IF        %REM(Arr2(N):2) = 0
    *30 indicator is set on for even numbers
   C                   SETON                                        30
   C                   ELSE
    *30 indicator is set off for odd numbers
   C                   SETOFF                                       30
   C                   ENDIF

   C   30              EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
   C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
   C   30xDsply        DSPLY
   C                   EVAL      N=N+1
   C                   ENDDO

   C                   SETON                                        LR
** CTDATA Arr2
201
205
203
202
204

Output

DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 202
DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 204

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Setoff

It is used to off indicator. (assign ‘0’)

Example Program

   D Arr2            s              3  0 dim(5) ctdata perrcd(1)
   D N               s              2  0 inz(1)
   D xDsply          s             50    inz

   C     N             DO        5
   C                   IF        %REM(Arr2(N):2) = 0
    *30 indicator is set on for even numbers
   C                   SETON                                        30
   C                   ELSE
    *30 indicator is set off for odd numbers
   C                   SETOFF                                       30
   C                   ENDIF

   C   30              EVAL      xDsply = 'ARR2(' + %CHAR(N) + ') = ' +
   C                                                     %CHAR(Arr2(N))
   C   30xDsply        DSPLY
   C                   EVAL      N=N+1
   C                   ENDDO

   C                   SETON                                        LR
** CTDATA Arr2
201
205
203
202
204

Output

DSPLY  ARR2(4) = 202
DSPLY  ARR2(5) = 204

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Setll

SETLL sets the file pointer at the first occurrence of the record where the key field/RRN value is greater than or equal to the factor-1 search argument value.

After positioning the file pointer we can go for any file operation e.g. READ, READP, READPE, READE. If the SETLL operation is not successful (no records found condition), the file is positioned to the end of the file.

In factor-1 we can use figurative constant *LOVAL, *HIVAL, *START, *END or we can use RRN VALUE or KEY VALUE or KEY LIST.

We use %FOUND to determine if the record found is having the key field/RRN value greater than or equal to the key field. In this case HI indicator will be *on.

Example Program

Dcl-f ordhdr keyed;

Dcl-s order_id packed(7:0) inz(1);
Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;

SETLL order_id ordhdr;
IF %EQUAL();
   DSPLY 'Exact Match!';
ELSEIF %FOUND();
   DSPLY 'Higher Match!';
ELSEIF %EOF();
   DSPLY 'End Of File';
ELSE;
   DSPLY 'No Records';
ENDIF;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Exact Match!

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Setgt

This opcode positions the file pointer at the next record which is having the key/RRN value just greater than the current key /RRN value.

After positioning the file pointer, we can go for any file operation e.g. READ, READP, READPE, READE. In factor-1 we can use figurative constants *LOVAL, *HIVAL, *START, *END or we can use RRN VALUE or KEY VALUE or KEY LIST.

SETGT if successful sets EOF () to *OFF, else if not successful doesn’t do anything to EOF().

Example Program

Dcl-f ordhdr keyed;

Dcl-s order_id packed(7:0) inz(1);
Dcl-s Tprice packed(7:0) inz(0);
Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;

SETGT *HIVAL ordhdr;
READ ordhdr;
IF %EOF();
   DSPLY 'End Of File';
ENDIF;

SETGT order_id ordhdr;
IF %FOUND();
   DSPLY 'Higher Value';
ELSE;
   DSPLY 'No Records';
ENDIF;

IF NOT %EOF();
   DSPLY 'Not EOF';
ENDIF;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  End Of File
DSPLY  Higher Value

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Select

It is used to make a case statement so that only statements satisfying the condition will be executed. The condition is mentioned with WHEN.

Example Program

Dcl-s S Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s K Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s xDsply Char(50);
Dcl-s Error Char(1) Inz(' ');

DOW Error = ' ';

   FOR K = 1 to 6;

      SELECT;
      WHEN K = 1;
           S = 20+K;
           xdsply = 'Summation = ' + %CHAR(S);
           DSPLY xdsply;
      WHEN K = 2;
           S = 20-K;
           xdsply = 'Subtraction = ' + %CHAR(S);
           DSPLY xdsply;
      WHEN K = 3;
           S = 20*K;
           xdsply = 'Multiplication = ' + %CHAR(S);
           DSPLY xdsply;
      WHEN K >= 4;
         IF K = 4;
            S = 20/K;
            xdsply = 'Division = ' + %CHAR(S);
            DSPLY xdsply;
         ELSEIF K = 5;
            MONITOR;
               S = 20/(K-5);
            ON-ERROR;
               S = 0;
               Error = 'Y';
               xdsply = 'Divide by 0 Error';
               DSPLY xdsply;
               Leave;
            ENDMON;
         ENDIF;
      ENDSL;

   ENDFOR;

ENDDO;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Summation = 21
DSPLY  Subtraction = 18
DSPLY  Multiplication = 60
DSPLY  Division = 5
DSPLY  Divide by 0 Error

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Return

Return ends the program and gives the control to the calling program. Return doesn’t release the resources.

PROGB

D Up              c                   'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
D Lo              c                   'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    FieldA           50
C                   PARM                    FieldB           50

C     Lo:Up         XLATE     FieldA        FieldB

C                   RETURN

Example Program

C     PLST1         PLIST
C                   PARM                    a                 2 0
C                   PARM                    b                 2 0
C                   PARM                    c                 2 0
 *
C                   Z-ADD     11            a
C                   Z-ADD     22            b
C                   Z-ADD     *zeros        c
 *
C                   CALLB     'PROGB'       PLST1

C     'A'           DSPLY
C     a             DSPLY
C     'B'           DSPLY
C     b             DSPLY
C     'SUM'         DSPLY
C     c             DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

CRTRPGMOD MODULE(LIB/PROGB) SRCFILE(LIB/QRPGLESRC) SRCMBR(PROGB) REPLACE(*YES)
CRTRPGMOD MODULE(LIB/CALLBRPG) SRCFILE(LIB/QRPGLESRC) SRCMBR(CALLBRPG) REPLACE(*YES)
CRTPGM PGM(LIB/CALLBRPG) MODULE (LIB/CALLBRPG LIB/PROGB) ENTMOD(*PGM)

Output

DSPLY  A
DSPLY  11
DSPLY  B
DSPLY  22
DSPLY  SUM
DSPLY  33

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Readp

READP moves the pointer to the previous record and reads the record and again moves the pointer to next previous position. If there are no more records it sets EOF *ON.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Example Program

Femphdr    IF   E           K DISK

DDs1              ds                  LIKEREC(emphdrr)
DxDsply           s             50

C     *HIVAL        SETLL     emphdrr
C                   READP     emphdr        DS1                      90
 // *in90 at EQ-position indicates
 //           EOF() condition
C                   DOW       *IN90=*OFF
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Employee ID : ' + %CHAR(Ds1.eid)+
C                             ', Employee Name : ' + %CHAR(Ds1.ename)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   READP     emphdr        DS1                      90

C                   ENDDO

C                   IF        *IN90=*ON

C     'End of File' DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Employee ID : 10, Employee Name : Raghav Verma
DSPLY  Employee ID : 6, Employee Name : Priya Sharma
DSPLY  Employee ID : 4, Employee Name : Naman
DSPLY  Employee ID : 3, Employee Name : Priyanka Arora
DSPLY  Employee ID : 2, Employee Name : Priyam Narayan
DSPLY  Employee ID : 1, Employee Name : Maanav Tripathi
DSPLY  End of File

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Reade

READE reads the matching record for factor-1 and moves the pointer to the next record with the same matching criteria. If the same matching criteria is not found then it foes to EOF.

EMPHDR

A          R ORDHDRR
A            OID            7  0       COLHDG('Order ID')
A            OITEM          7  0       COLHDG('Order Item')
A            OQTY           3  0       COLHDG('Order Qty.')
A            OPRICE         5  0       COLHDG('Order Price')
A          K OID
A          K OITEM

Example Program

Dcl-f ordhdr keyed;

Dcl-s order_id packed(7:0) inz(1);
Dcl-s Tprice packed(7:0) inz(0);
Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;

xDsply = 'Order ID | Item Number | Quantity | Price ';
DSPLY xDsply;

SETLL order_id ordhdr;
READE order_id ordhdr;
DOW NOT %EOF();

   xDsply = %CHAR(oid) + ' | ' + %CHAR(oitem) + ' | ' +
            %CHAR(oqty) + ' | ' + %CHAR(oprice);
   DSPLY xDsply;

   Tprice = Tprice + oprice;

   READE order_id ordhdr;

ENDDO;

xDsply = 'Total Price for Order ' + %CHAR(Order_id) +
                        ' is $' + %CHAR(Tprice);
DSPLY xDsply;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Order ID | Item Number | Quantity | Price
DSPLY  1 | 1 | 2 | 200
DSPLY  1 | 2 | 1 | 400
DSPLY  1 | 4 | 3 | 1200
DSPLY  Total Price for Order 1 is $1800

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Plist

It is used to define a list of parameter that will be used for calling a program.

Program

D xDsply          s             50    Inz
D c               s              2  0 Inz

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    a                 2 0
C                   PARM                    b                 2 0
 *
C                   EVAL      C = A + B

C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + ' + ' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                                   ' = ' + %CHAR(C)

C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Call program with parameters as 22 and 11.

Output

DSPLY  22 + 11 = 33

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Parm

This opcode is used to define PLIST parameter fields.

Program

D xDsply          s             50    Inz
D c               s              2  0 Inz

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    a                 2 0
C                   PARM                    b                 2 0
 *
C                   EVAL      C = A + B

C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + ' + ' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                                   ' = ' + %CHAR(C)

C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Call program with parameters as 22 and 11.

Output

DSPLY  22 + 11 = 33

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Other

If all when statement is not true, then it gets executed.

Program

Dcl-s S Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s K Packed(2:0);
Dcl-s xDsply Char(50);
Dcl-s Error Char(1) Inz(' ');

FOR K = 1 to 6;

   SELECT;
   WHEN K = 1;
        S = 20+K;
        xdsply = 'Summation = ' + %CHAR(S);
        DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 2;
        S = 20-K;
        xdsply = 'Subtraction = ' + %CHAR(S);
        DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 3;
        S = 20*K;
        xdsply = 'Multiplication = ' + %CHAR(S);
        DSPLY xdsply;
   WHEN K = 4;
        S = 20/K;
        xdsply = 'Division = ' + %CHAR(S);
        DSPLY xdsply;
   OTHER;
        xdsply = 'No operation to perform';
        DSPLY xdsply;
   ENDSL;

ENDFOR;

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  Summation = 21
DSPLY  Subtraction = 18
DSPLY  Multiplication = 60
DSPLY  Division = 5
DSPLY  No operation to perform
DSPLY  No operation to perform

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Opcode Extender for File Operations

We have an‘N’ opcode extender that is used to make the record not locked while reading. Before is the simple example of an N opcode extender.

File : EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Program

FEMPHDR    UF   E           K DISK

D File_Ind        s              2  0

C                   FOR       File_Ind = 1 to 10

 //Since EMPHDR is delcared in Update Mode. While reading file N opcode extender
 //does not locks the record and if any update/delete operation is
 //performed then it will execute without any error.
C                   READ(N)   EMPHDR
 //If End of file is there
C                   IF        %EOF
C                   LEAVE
C                   ENDIF
 //Logic here
C                   ENDFOR

C                   SETON                                        LR

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

On-Error

ON-ERROR follows the MONITOR opcode which is used for trapping errors.

Example Program

HOPTION(*SRCSTMT)
Femphdr    UF A E             DISK    USROPN

D xDsply          s             50    Inz

C                   MONITOR

C                   MONITOR
 //If the error is 'file EMPHDR not OPEN', then
 //            open the file EMPHDR
C     10            SETLL     emphdr
C                   ON-ERROR  1211
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : File is not opened!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   OPEN      emphdr
C                   ENDMON

C                   MONITOR
C                   EVAL      ename='OOO'
C                   UPDATE    emphdrr

 //If the error is 'Update without prior INPUT/READ
 //            operation', then READ the file.
C                   ON-ERROR  1215
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : Update without prior Read!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   READ(E)   emphdr
C                   EVAL      ename='OOO'
C                   UPDATE(E) emphdrr
C                   ENDMON

 //If the error is 'any unhandled file error' then
 //            take the DUMP'.
C                   ON-ERROR  *FILE
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error : Unhandled!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   DUMP(A)
C                   ON-ERROR
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Error!!!'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   DUMP(A)
C                   ENDMON

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Error : File is not opened!
DSPLY  Error : Unhandled!

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Occur

The OCCUR operation establishes which occurrence of a multiple occurrence data structure is used next in a program.

Example Program

D Ds1             DS                  occurs(10)
D Fld01                   1      5
D Fld02                   6     10
D X               S              2  0 Inz(1)
D N               S              2  0 Inz(1)
D xDsply          S             50    Inz

C     X             DO        5
C     X             OCCUR     Ds1           N
C                   EVAL      Fld01=%CHAR(X)
C                   EVAL      Fld02=%CHAR(X)
C                   EVAL      X=X+1

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'DS1(' + %CHAR(N) + ') : '
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C     Ds1           DSPLY

C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  DS1(1) :
DSPLY  1    1
DSPLY  DS1(2) :
DSPLY  2    2
DSPLY  DS1(3) :
DSPLY  3    3
DSPLY  DS1(4) :
DSPLY  4    4
DSPLY  DS1(5) :
DSPLY  5    5

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Mvr

It moves remainder for division happened between two numbers/variables earlier in a variable.

Example Program

D A               s              2P 0 Inz(25)
D B               s              2P 0 Inz(11)
D Result          s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D Remainder       s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*blanks)

 //it will Divide the value of a by b (i.e., 25 and 11)
 // and assign a 2 value to the Result variable
 // and assign a 3 value to the Remainder variable.
C     A             DIV       B             Result
C                   MVR                     Remainder
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '/' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Result)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '%' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Remainder)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  25/11 = 2
DSPLY  25%11 = 3

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Movel

The MOVEL operation moves characters from factor 2 to the result field and it does that by moving the leftmost character first.

Example Program

D A1              s              5A   Inz('AAAAA')
D B2              s             10A   Inz('BBBBBBBBBB')

 //it will move the value from A1 ('AAAAA') to B2('BBBBBBBBBB')
 //and assign the 'BBBBBAAAAA' value to the B2 variable.
C                   MOVE      A1            B2
C     'B2'          DSPLY
C     B2            DSPLY
C                   RESET                   B2

 //it will move the value from A1 ('AAAAA') to B2('BBBBBBBBBB')
 //and assign the '     AAAAA' value to the B2 variable.
C                   MOVE(P)   A1            B2
C     'B2'          DSPLY
C     B2            DSPLY
C                   RESET                   B2

 //it will move the value from A1 ('AAAAA') to B2('BBBBBBBBBB')
 //and assign the 'AAAAABBBBB' value to the B2 variable.
C                   MOVEL     A1            B2
C     'B2'          DSPLY
C     B2            DSPLY
C                   RESET                   B2

 //it will move the value from A1 ('AAAAA') to B2('BBBBBBBBBB')
 //and assign the 'AAAAA     ' value to the B2 variable.
C                   MOVEL(P)  A1            B2
C     'B2'          DSPLY
C     B2            DSPLY
C                   RESET                   B2

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  B2
DSPLY  BBBBBAAAAA
DSPLY  B2
DSPLY       AAAAA
DSPLY  B2
DSPLY  AAAAABBBBB
DSPLY  B2
DSPLY  AAAAA

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Klist

It is used to create a composite key consisting of many key fields that is used as an argument for performing operation on a file. KLIST is used for file operations CHAIN, DELETE, READE, READPE, SETGT, or SETLL. To define fields of a keylist we use KFLD opcode.

CMPHDR

    A          R CMPHDRR
    A            CID            7  0       COLHDG('Company ID')
    A            CNAME         50          COLHDG('Company Name')
    A            CCEO          50          COLHDG('Company CEO')
    A            CTYPE         30          COLHDG('Company Type')
    A          K CID
    A          K CNAME

Example Program

Fcmphdr    IF   E           K DISK

D xDsply          s             50    Inz

 *Key fields declared to fetch a record from CMPHDR file
C     KCMPHDR       KLIST
C                   KFLD                    K_CMPID           7 0
C                   KFLD                    K_CMPNAME        50

C                   EVAL      K_CMPID = 1

C                   EVAL      K_CMPNAME = 'Programmers.io'

 *Key fields are used to point to record in CMPHDR file
C     KCMPHDR       CHAIN     cmphdr

C                   IF        %FOUND(cmphdr)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Details'
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company ID : ' + %CHAR(CID)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Name : ' + %CHAR(CNAME)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company CEO : ' + %CHAR(CCEO)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Type : ' + %CHAR(CTYPE)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Company Details
DSPLY  Company ID : 1
DSPLY  Company Name : Programmers.io
DSPLY  Company CEO : Anshul Choudhry

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Kfld

It comes into picture when we define a key list. It represents the key fields of a key list. Key field should be defined in the same order in which it is in the file else compiler will throw error.

CMPHDR

    A          R CMPHDRR
    A            CID            7  0       COLHDG('Company ID')
    A            CNAME         50          COLHDG('Company Name')
    A            CCEO          50          COLHDG('Company CEO')
    A            CTYPE         30          COLHDG('Company Type')
    A          K CID
    A          K CNAME

Example Program

Fcmphdr    IF   E           K DISK

D xDsply          s             50    Inz

 *Key fields declared to fetch a record from CMPHDR file
C     KCMPHDR       KLIST
C                   KFLD                    K_CMPID           7 0
C                   KFLD                    K_CMPNAME        50

C                   EVAL      K_CMPID = 1

C                   EVAL      K_CMPNAME = 'Programmers.io'

 *Key fields are used to point to record in CMPHDR file
C     KCMPHDR       CHAIN     cmphdr

C                   IF        %FOUND(cmphdr)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Details'
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company ID : ' + %CHAR(CID)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Name : ' + %CHAR(CNAME)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company CEO : ' + %CHAR(CCEO)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Company Type : ' + %CHAR(CTYPE)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Company Details
DSPLY  Company ID : 1
DSPLY  Company Name : Programmers.io
DSPLY  Company CEO : Anshul Choudhry

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Iter

It can be used in DO, DOU, DOUxx, DOW, DOWxx, and FOR loops to transfer control immediately to a loop’s ENDDO or ENDFOR statement.

It causes the next iteration of the loop to be executed immediately.
ITER affects the innermost loop.

Example Program

  Dcl-s i packed(2:0) inz;
  Dcl-s xDsply char(50) inz;

  FOR i = 1 to 10;

 //It checks if i is multiple of 2.
     IF %REM(i:2) = 0;
        ITER;
     ENDIF;

 //This line will not get processed for all i which are multiple of 2.
     xDsply = '3 * ' + %CHAR(I) + ' = ' + %CHAR(i*3);
     DSPLY xDsply;

  ENDFOR;

  *INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  3 * 1 = 3
DSPLY  3 * 3 = 9
DSPLY  3 * 5 = 15
DSPLY  3 * 7 = 21
DSPLY  3 * 9 = 27

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

In & Out

This opcode is used to retrieve the value from the dataarea.

CRTDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA) TYPE(*CHAR) LEN(30) VALUE(‘100000000001’)

                        Display Data Area

Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
Library . . . . . . .   :   LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :

           Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
    0      '100000000001

Example Program

D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    A1               30

C     *DTAARA       DEFINE                  DA               30

 *Locking Data Area DA to get value '100000000001' in C variable.
C     *LOCK         IN        DA
C                   MOVEL     DA            C                12

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA/C ' +
C                                                   'Variable : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Moving Integer value of C ('100000000001') in I (100000000001) variable.
C                   MOVEL     *ZEROS        I                12 0
C                   EVAL      I=%INT(C)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in I Varibale : ' + %CHAR(I)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Incrementing I by 1 to make value of I as 100000000002.
C                   ADD       1             I
C                   EVAL      C=%CHAR(I)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in C Varibale : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Storing Value 100000000002 in DA Data Area.
C                   MOVEL     C             DA
C                   MOVEL     C             A1
C                   OUT       DA
C                   UNLOCK    DA

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA/C Variable : 100000000001
DSPLY  Value in I Varibale : 100000000001
DSPLY  Value in C Varibale : 100000000002
DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA : 100000000002

DSPDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA)

                        Display Data Area

Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
Library . . . . . . . :     LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :

           Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
    0      '100000000002

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

IfXX

It is used to check the condition and if it is true, the next statement in the IFXX-ENDIF block gets executed.

XX	Meaning
LE	Less than or Equal to
GE	Greater than or Equal to
GT	Greater than
LT	Less than
EQ	Equal to

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(1)
D SumCnt          s              3P 0 Inz(0)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)

C                   FOR       Count = 1 TO 6

C                   EVAL      SumCnt += Count

 *Perform logic inside if block if condition is met
C     Count         IFEQ      1

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'For Loop Started :: ' +
C                                     'Sum for Index : ' + %CHAR(SumCnt)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

 *Perform logic inside if block if condition is met
C     Count         IFEQ      6

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'For Loop Ended :: ' +
C                                     'Sum for Index : ' + %CHAR(SumCnt)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   ENDFOR

C                   RETURN

Output

DSPLY  For Loop Started :: Sum for Index : 1
DSPLY  For Loop Ended :: Sum for Index : 21

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

If

It is used to check the condition and if it is true, the next statement in the IF-ENDIF block gets executed.

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(2)
D Itr             s              2P 0 Inz(1)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Start Point : 1, ' +
C                                    'End Point : 6, Step By : 2'
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   FOR       Count = 1 TO 6 BY 2

 *Perform logic inside if block if condition is met
C                   IF        Count <> 1

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Increment Count by 2 '
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Iteration ' + %CHAR(Itr) + ' :: ' +
C                                    ' Count Value : ' + %CHAR(Count)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      Itr += 1

C                   ENDFOR

C                   RETURN

Output

DSPLY  Start Point : 1, End Point : 6, Step By : 2
DSPLY  Iteration 1 ::  Count Value : 1
DSPLY  Increment Count by 2
DSPLY  Iteration 2 ::  Count Value : 3
DSPLY  Increment Count by 2
DSPLY  Iteration 3 ::  Count Value : 5

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

For

For loop is like any other for loop of any language. It consists of initial counter (Starting point), the final counter (Ending point) and the increment value (step by value).

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(2)
D Itr             s              2P 0 Inz(1)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Start Point : 1, ' +
C                                    'End Point : 6, Step By : 2'
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   FOR       Count = 1 TO 6 BY 2

C                   IF        Count <> 1

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Increment Count by 2 '
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   ENDIF

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Iteration ' + %CHAR(Itr) + ' :: ' +
C                                    ' Count Value : ' + %CHAR(Count)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      Itr += 1

C                   ENDFOR

C                   RETURN

Output

SPLY  Start Point : 1, End Point : 6, Step By : 2
SPLY  Iteration 1 ::  Count Value : 1
SPLY  Increment Count by 2
SPLY  Iteration 2 ::  Count Value : 3
SPLY  Increment Count by 2
SPLY  Iteration 3 ::  Count Value : 5

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Extrct

This opcode extracts:

Year, month or day segment of a date or timestamp value
Hours, minutes or seconds segment of a time or timestamp value
Microseconds segment of a timestamp value

Example Program

Ddate0            S               D
Dd1               S              5  0 Inz(*zeros)
Dd2               S              2  0 Inz(*zeros)
Dd3               S              2  0 Inz(*zeros)
DTime0            S               T
DT1               S              2  0 Inz(*zeros)
DT2               S              2  0 Inz(*zeros)
DT3               S              2  0 Inz(*zeros)
DTimestp0         S               Z
DStp              S              6P 0 Inz(*zeros)
DxDsply           S             50    Inz(*blanks)

C                   MOVEL     *DATE         Date0

 *Extracts Year from current date
C                   EXTRCT    Date0:*Y      d1

 *Extracts Month from current date
C                   EXTRCT    Date0:*M      d2

 *Extracts Date from current date
C                   EXTRCT    Date0:*D      d3

C                   TIME                    Time0

 *Extracts Hours from current Time
C                   EXTRCT    Time0:*H      t1

 *Extracts Minutes from current Time
C                   EXTRCT    Time0:*MN     t2

 *Extracts Seconds from current Time
C                   EXTRCT    Time0:*S      t3

C                   TIME                    Timestp0

 *Extracts Milliseconds from current Time
C                   EXTRCT    Timestp0:*MS  stp

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Date : ' + %CHAR(Date0)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Year : ' + %CHAR(d1)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Month : ' + %CHAR(d2)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Date : ' + %CHAR(d3)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Time : ' + %CHAR(Time0)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Hours : ' + %CHAR(t1)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Minutes : ' + %CHAR(t2)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Seconds : ' + %CHAR(t3)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Timestamp : ' +
C                                                %CHAR(Timestp0)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      XDsply = 'Current Milliseconds : ' +
C                                                %CHAR(stp)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                            LR

Output

    DSPLY  Current Date : 2024-05-29
    DSPLY  Current Year : 2024
    DSPLY  Current Month : 5
    DSPLY  Current Date : 29
    DSPLY  Current Time : 09.30.44
    DSPLY  Current Hours : 9
    DSPLY  Current Minutes : 30
    DSPLY  Current Seconds : 44
    DSPLY  Current Timestamp : 2024-05-29-09.30.44.002000
    DSPLY  Current Milliseconds : 2000

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Exfmt

The EXFMT opcode is used to write the exception records. Exceptional records are defined at O-spec with ‘E’ as record type. EXCEPT can be used for printing a report and to partially update a physical file.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

DSP1

A                                      CF03(03)
A          R DETAIL
A                                  3 10'Employee ID : '
A            D_EMPID        7  0B  3 30
A  20                              4 10'Employee Name : '
A  20        D_EMPNAME     50   O  4 30
A                                 23  3'F3 - Exit'
A

Example Program

Fdsp1      CF   E             WORKSTN
Femphdr    IF   E           K DISK

C                   DOW       *IN03 = *OFF

C                   SETOFF                                       20

C     D_EMPID       CHAIN     emphdr

C                   IF        %FOUND(emphdr)

C                   SETON                                        20

C                   EVAL      D_EMPNAME = ENAME

C                   ENDIF
 *
 *Writes a record on screen and then reads from it.
C                   EXFMT     Detail

C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

Employee ID :             1
Employee Name :     Maanav Tripathi


F3 -

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Except(Rpgle)/Excpt(Rpg)

The EXCEPT opcode is used to write the exception records. Exceptional records are defined at O-spec with ‘E’ as record type. EXCEPT can be used for printing a report and to partially update a physical file.

EMPHDR

    A          R EMPHDRR
    A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
    A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
    A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
    A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
    A          K EID

Example Program

Femphdr    IF   E           K DISK
FQPRINT    O    F  132        PRINTER OFLIND(*In90)

*Writes Header for Report
C                   EXCEPT    HEADER

C     *LOVAL        SETLL     emphdr
C                   READ(N)   emphdr
C                   DOW       NOT %EOF()
C                   IF        *IN90 = *ON

 *Writes Header for Report
C                   EXCEPT    HEADER
C                   ENDIF

 *Writes Record Details for Report
C                   EXCEPT    DETAIL
C                   READ(N)   emphdr
C                   ENDDO

 *Writes Footer for Report
C                   EXCEPT    FOOTER
C                   SETON                                        LR
 *
OQPRINT    E            HEADER
O                                            6 'PAGE'
O                       Page                10
O                                           47 'PARTY ACCOUNT REPORT'
O                                           65 'DATE'
O                       Udate         Y     75
O          E            HEADER            1
O                                           10 'EMP ID'
O                                           30 'NAME'
O                                           80 'DOB'
O                                          110 'DOJ'
O          E            DETAIL      1
O                       EID                 10
O                       ENAME               70
O                       EDOB                90
O                       EDOJ               120
O          E            FOOTER      1
O                                           42 '             '

Output

    PAGE   1                 PARTY ACCOUNT REPORT              DATE   5/29/24
    EMP ID                NAME                                               DOB                           DOJ
    0000001          Maanav Tripathi                                             1992-10-15                    2020-08-22
    0000002          Priyam Narayan                                              1987-02-18                    2015-02-01
    0000003          Priyanka Arora                                              1985-05-24                    2010-04-01
    0000004          Naman                                                       1993-01-01                    2017-01-01
    0000006          Priya Sharma                                                1992-01-01                    2019-01-01
    0000010          Raghav Verma                                                1994-02-01                    2018-01-01

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Eval(R)

It evaluates the expression with right adjust.

Example Program

DB                S             15A   INZ('Programmers')             
                                                                  
C     B             DSPLY                                            
                                                                     
C                   EVAL      B='Programmers.io'                     
C     B             DSPLY                                            
                                                                     
C                   EVALR     B='Programmers.io'                     
C     B             DSPLY                                            
                                                                     
C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  PROGRAMMERS     
DSPLY  PROGRAMMERS.IO  
DSPLY   PROGRAMMERS.

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Eval (M)

It evaluates the default decimal value in a variable.

Example Program

D Result4         s              6S 5

 //it will evaluate the value 2.80000 to the Result4.
C                   EVAL(M)   Result4 = (2 / (7.0/10.0))
C     'Result4'     DSPLY
C     Result4       DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result4
DSPLY  280000

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Eval

It is used to evaluate any kind of expression.

Example Program

Femphdr    IF   E           K DISK

D YY              s              4    Inz(*Blanks)
D OpnYY           s              4    Inz('2024')
D Upcounter       s              4S 2 Inz(*Zeros)
D Pagesize        s              4S 2 Inz(45.00)
D Lstrrn          s              4S 2 Inz(03.00)
D I               s              2  0 Inz(1)
D Arr             s              2    dim(10)
D Sqlstmt         s            200    Inz(*Blanks)
D MyFile1         s             21    Inz(*Blanks)
D OldLib          s             10    Inz('PIOLIB')
D OldFile         s             10    Inz('PIOFILE')
D MyFile2         s             21    Inz(*Blanks)
D NewLib          s             10    Inz('PIOLIB')
D NewFile         s             10    Inz('PIOFILE2')
D C_Csnbr         c                   'YY'

 *it will evaluate *IN45 as 1
C                   EVAL      *IN45=%EOF(emphdr)

 *it will evaluate YY as 2024
C                   EVAL      YY=%CHAR(Opnyy)

 *it will evaluate Upcounter as sum of Pagesize(45.00), Lstrrn(03.00) and 1
C                   EVAL      Upcounter=Pagesize+Lstrrn+1

 *it will evaluate first element of array Arr as 'YY'
C                   EVAL      Arr(I)=C_Csnbr

 *it will evaluate MyFile1 as PIOLIB/PIOFILE
C                   EVAL      MyFile1= %TRIM(OldLib)+'/'+%TRIM(OldFile)

 *it will evaluate MyFile2 as PIOLIB/PIOFILE2
C                   EVAL      MyFile2= %TRIM(NewLib)+'/'+%TRIM(NewFile)

 *it will evaluate Sqlstmt as concatenation of all strings
C                   EVAL      Sqlstmt='SELECT A.COMP' +
C                                      ', A.COUNT, B.COUNT'+
C                                     ',A.COUNT-B.COUNT FROM' +
C                                     '(select count(*) AS COUNT, '+
C                                     'COMP from ' + %TRIM(MYFILE1)+
C                                     ' group by COMP' +
C                                     ' order by COMP )A,'+
C                                     '(select count(*) AS COUNT, '+
C                                     'COMP from ' + %TRIM(MYFILE2)+
C                                     ' group by COMP' +
C                                     ' order by COMP )B'+
C                                     ' WHERE A.COMP =B.COMP '

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result4
DSPLY  285714

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Dump(A)

It is used to perform the dump operation to ensure the operation occurs regardless of the debug option set in the H specification.

Example Program

D Num1            s              5S 2 Inz(100)
D Num2            s              3S 1 Inz(0)
D Result          s              5S 1

 //it will try to divide the Num1 by Num2 (i.e., 100 and 0)
 //and assign the default value 1 to Result as 100/0 is not possible.
C                   MONITOR
C                   EVAL      Result = Num1/Num2
C                   ON-ERROR
C                   DUMP(A)
C                   EVAL      Result = 1
C                   ENDMON
C
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Result
DSPLY     10

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Dsply

This opcode is used for communication between display workstation and the requesting program. The display message can be of maximum length 52 byte.

Example Program

D A               s              2P 0 Inz(25)
D B               s              2P 0 Inz(11)
D C               S              2    INZ('AA')
D D               S              2  0 INZ(11)
D Result          s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D Remainder       s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*blanks)

 //it will Divide the value of a by b (i.e., 25 and 11)
 // and assign a 2 value to the Result variable
 // and assign a 3 value to the Remainder variable.
C     A             DIV       B             Result
C                   MVR                     Remainder
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '/' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Result)
 //it Displays 25/11 = 2
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '%' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Remainder)
 //it Displays 25%11 = 3
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 //if a result field is there,it will send inquiry message which is a combination of
 //message and response. Whatever response user provides, result field will be updated
 //with that.
C     D             DSPLY                   C

 //C containes value as response user provided
C     C             DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  25/11 = 2
DSPLY  25%11 = 3
DSPLY  11    AA

 Type reply, press Enter.
    Reply . . .   BB

DSPLY  BB
DSPLY  25/11 = 2
DSPLY  25%11 = 3
DSPLY  11    AA
BB
DSPLY  BB

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

DoW

The DoW-EndDo loop continues while the loop condition remains true.

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)

* Loop through code starting from 0 till 5
C                   DOW       Count < 6

C     Count         DSPLY

C                   EVAL      Count = Count + 1

C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY   0
DSPLY   1
DSPLY   2
DSPLY   3
DSPLY   4
DSPLY   5

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

DoU

The DoU-EndDo loop continues until the loop condition remains false.

Example Program

D Count           s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)

  * Loop through code starting from 0 till 5
C                   DOU       Count = 6

C     Count         DSPLY

C                   EVAL      Count = Count + 1

C                   ENDDO

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY   0
DSPLY   1
DSPLY   2
DSPLY   3
DSPLY   4
DSPLY   5

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Div

It divides two numbers/variables and store the result in a variable.

Example Program

D A               s              2P 0 Inz(25)
D B               s              2P 0 Inz(11)
D Result          s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D Remainder       s              2P 0 Inz(*zeros)
D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*blanks)

 //it will Divide the value of a by b (i.e., 25 and 11)
 // and assign a 2 value to the Result variable
 // and assign a 3 value to the Remainder variable.
C     A             DIV       B             Result
C                   MVR                     Remainder
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '/' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Result)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = %CHAR(A) + '%' + %CHAR(B) +
C                                         ' = ' +  %CHAR(Remainder)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  25/11 = 2
DSPLY  25%11 = 3

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Delete

The DELETE operation deletes a record from a database file.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Example Program

dcl-f emphdr disk usropn usage(*input:*output:*update:*delete) keyed;

dcl-s xDsply Char(50) inz(*blanks);

IF NOT %OPEN(emphdr);
   OPEN emphdr;
   DSPLY 'EMPHDR is opened for operation';
ENDIF;

eid = 11;
ename = 'Delete Program';
edoj = %date(20200101);
edob = %date(19930106);
write emphdrr;

xDsply = 'Data Added :: ID : ' + %CHAR(eid) + ', Name : ' + ename;
DSPLY xDsply;

CHAIN 0000011 emphdr;
IF %FOUND();

   DELETE emphdrr;

ENDIF;

CHAIN 0000011 emphdr;
IF NOT %FOUND();

   xDsply = 'Data Deleted :: ID : ' + %CHAR(eid) + ', Name : ' + ename;
   DSPLY xDsply;

ENDIF;

CLOSE emphdr;
DSPLY 'EMPHDR is closed';

*INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  EMPHDR is opened for operation
DSPLY  Data Added :: ID : 11, Name : Delete Program
DSPLY  Data Deleted :: ID : 11, Name : Delete Program
DSPLY  EMPHDR is closed

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Define

Factor-2 represents the name of referenced dataarea name referred by result field. It can be any external dataarea, *LDA, *PDA. Result field represents any internal variable, a data structure, a data-area data structure, program status data structure, file information data structure or any program defined data area. The result field is taken for operation IN and OUT in the program.

CRTDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA) TYPE(*CHAR) LEN(30) VALUE(‘1001’)

                        Display Data Area

Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
  Library . . . . . . . :     LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :

           Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
    0      '1001                  '

Example Program

 D xDsply          s             50    Inz(*Blanks)

C     *ENTRY        PLIST
C                   PARM                    A1               30

C     *DTAARA       DEFINE                  DA               30

 *Locking Data Area DA to get value '1001' in C variable.
C     *LOCK         IN        DA
C                   MOVEL     DA            C                12

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA/C ' +
C                                                   'Variable : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Moving Integer value of C ('1001') in I (1001) variable.
C                   MOVEL     *ZEROS        I                12 0
C                   EVAL      I=%INT(C)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in I Varibale : ' + %CHAR(I)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Incrementing I by 1 to make value of I as 1002.
C                   ADD       1             I
C                   EVAL      C=%CHAR(I)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in C Varibale : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

 *Storing Value 1002 in DA Data Area.
C                   MOVEL     C             DA
C                   MOVEL     C             A1
C                   OUT       DA
C                   UNLOCK    DA

C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'Value in Data Area DA : ' + C
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA/C Variable : 1001
DSPLY  Value in I Varibale : 1001
DSPLY  Value in C Varibale : 1002
DSPLY  Value in Data Area DA : 1002

DSPDTAARA DTAARA(LIB/DA)

                        Display Data Area

Data area . . . . . . . :   DA
Library . . . . . . . :     LIB
Type  . . . . . . . . . :   *CHAR
Length  . . . . . . . . :   30
Text  . . . . . . . . . :

           Value
Offset      *...+....1....+....2....+....3....+....4....+....5
    0      '1002                  '

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Comp

The COMP opcode is used to compare two values.

If Factor1>Factor2, High level indicator gets on.
If Factor1
If Factor1=Factor2, Equal level indicator gets on.

Program

D A               S              2P 0 inz (11)
D B               S              2P 0 inz (12)
D C               S              2P 0 inz (11)
D D               S              2P 0 inz (15)
D xDsply          S             50    inz (*Blanks)

C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A : ' + %CHAR(A) +
C                                                ', B : ' + %CHAR(B)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C     A             COMP      B                                  212223
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A>B : ' + %CHAR(*IN21)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A<B : ' + %CHAR(*IN22)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A=B : ' + %CHAR(*IN23)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A : ' + %CHAR(A) +
C                                                ', C : ' + %CHAR(C)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C     A             COMP      C                                  212223
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A>C : ' + %CHAR(*IN21)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A<C : ' + %CHAR(*IN22)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'A=C : ' + %CHAR(*IN23)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'D : ' + %CHAR(D) +
C                                                ', B : ' + %CHAR(B)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = *ALL'*'
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C     D             COMP      B                                  212223
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'D>B : ' + %CHAR(*IN21)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'D<B : ' + %CHAR(*IN22)
C     xDsply        DSPLY
C                   EVAL      xDsply = 'D=B : ' + %CHAR(*IN23)
C     xDsply        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY
DSPLY  A : 11, B : 12
DSPLY
DSPLY  A>B : 0
DSPLY  A<B : 1
DSPLY  A=B : 0
DSPLY
DSPLY  A : 11, C : 11
DSPLY
DSPLY  A>C : 0
DSPLY  A<C : 0
DSPLY  A=C : 1
DSPLY
DSPLY  D : 15, B : 12
DSPLY
DSPLY  D>B : 1
DSPLY  D<B : 0
DSPLY  D=B : 0

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Close

The CLOSE opcode is used to explicitly close a file.

Program

dcl-f emphdr disk usropn usage(*input:*output:*update) keyed;

dcl-s xDsply Char(50) inz(*blanks);

IF NOT %OPEN(emphdr);
   OPEN emphdr;
   DSPLY 'EMPHDR is opened for operation';
ENDIF;

CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
IF %FOUND();
   xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
   DSPLY xDsply;
   ename = 'Maanav Tripathi';
   UPDATE emphdrr;
   DSPLY 'Name Updated!';
ENDIF;

 CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;
 IF %FOUND();
    DSPLY 'Updated Data';
    xDsply = 'Name : ' + ename;
    DSPLY xDsply;
 ENDIF;

 CLOSE emphdr;
 DSPLY 'EMPHDR is closed';

 *INLR = *ON;

Output

DSPLY  EMPHDR is opened for operation
DSPLY  Name : Manav Tripathi
DSPLY  Name Updated!
DSPLY  Updated Data
DSPLY  Name : Maanav Tripathi
DSPLY  EMPHDR is closed

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Check(E)

Error handling while checking the non-occurrence of a character in a string.

Program

D T               s              3S 0 Inz(6)
D X               s              3S 0 Inz(32)
D SubString       s             30A   Inz(*Blanks)
D Pos             s              3S 0

C                   EVAL      SubString ='AABC1ABD2AV3A'
 //it will try to check the factor-1 ('ABCD') in the factor-2 variable Substring
 //('AABC1ABD2AV3A') and 5 will assign it to the Pos variable.
C     'ABCD'        CHECK     SubString     Pos
C     'CHECK'       DSPLY
C     Pos           DSPLY

 //it will try to check the factor-1 ('ABCD') in the factor-2 variable Substring
 //('AABC1ABD2AV3A') from starting position T (6) and 9 will assign to Pos variable.
C     'ABCD'        CHECK     SubString:T   Pos
C     'CHECK'       DSPLY
C     Pos           DSPLY

 //it will try to check the factor-1 ('ABCD') in the factor-2 variable
 //Substring ('AABC1ABD2AV3A') from starting position X (32) but display
 //the 'Error' message as the 32 index is not present in SubString variable.
C     'ABCD'        CHECK(E)  SubString:X   Pos
C                   IF        %ERROR
C     'CHECK(E)'    DSPLY
C     'Error'       DSPLY
C                   ENDIF


C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  CHECK
DSPLY    5
DSPLY  CHECK
DSPLY    9
DSPLY  CHECK(E)
DSPLY  Error

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Chain

The CHAIN operation retrieves a record from a full procedural file, sets a record identifying indicator on (if specified on the input specifications), and places the data from the record into the input fields.

The CHAIN operation retrieves the first record that matches the search argument even we use chain many times. It will set the pointer then read the equal value.

If no record found, then chain set the HI indicator ON else it would be OFF. We can sue %found built in function which return ‘0’ if no record is found, and ‘1’ if a record is found.

EMPHDR

A          R EMPHDRR
A            EID            7  0       COLHDG('Employee ID')
A            ENAME         50          COLHDG('Employee Name')
A            EDOB            L         COLHDG('Employee DOB')
A            EDOJ            L         COLHDG('Employee DOJ')
A          K EID

Example Program

/free
   dcl-f emphdr disk usage(*input:*update);

   // Specify the search keys directly in a list
   CHAIN 0000001 emphdr;

   // Use the data structure fields
   IF (ename = *BLANKS);
      ename = 'No Data';
      UPDATE emphdrr;
   ELSE;
      DSPLY ename;
   ENDIF;

   *INLR = *ON;

/end-free

Output

DSPLY  John

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Cat(P)

The CAT operation concatenates two strings specified and places it in the result field with the right side of result field padded with blanks.

Program

H OPTION(*SRCSTMT) DFTACTGRP(*NO)

D First_Name      s             11    inz(*blanks)
D Last_Name       s              5    inz(*blanks)
D Name            s             25    inz(*blanks)

C                   MOVEL     'Programmers' First_Name
C                   MOVE      'IO'          Last_Name

 *It appends First_Name('Programmers') to First_Name('Programmers')
 * and store result in Name variable as 'ProgrammersProgrammers   '.
C     First_Name    CAT       First_Name    Name
C     Name          DSPLY

 *It appends Last_Name('IO   ') to First_Name('Programmers')
 *with 1 space in between as specified after Last_Name (:1)
 * and store result in Name variable as 'Programmers    IOmmers   '
C     First_Name    CAT       Last_Name:1   Name
C     Name          DSPLY

 *It appends Last_Name('IO   ') to First_Name('Programmers')
 * and store result in Name variable as 'Programmers   IO         '
 * with padding done with blanks on right.
C     First_Name    CAT(P)    Last_Name     Name
C     Name          DSPLY


C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  ProgrammersProgrammers
DSPLY  Programmers    IOmmers
DSPLY  Programmers   IO

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Adddur

The ADDDUR operation adds the duration specified in factor 2 to a date or time and places the resulting Date, Time, or Timestamp in the result field.

 H TIMFMT(*USA) DATFMT(*MDY&)
 *
DDateConst        C                   CONST(D'12 31 92')
 *
 * Define a Date field and initialize result variable.
 *
DLoanDate         S               D   DATFMT(*EUR) INZ(D'12 31 92')
DDueDate          S               D   DATFMT(*ISO)
DTimeStamp        S               Z
DAnswer           S               T
Dxx               S              2  0 Inz(1)
Dyy               S              2  0 Inz(1)
Dzz               S              2  0 Inz(30)

 * Determine a DueDate which is xx years, yy months, zz days later
 * than LoanDate.
C     LoanDate      ADDDUR    xx:*YEARS     DueDate
C                   ADDDUR    yy:*MONTHS    DueDate
C                   ADDDUR    zz:*DAYS      DueDate
C     'LOANDATE'    DSPLY
C     LoanDate      DSPLY
C     'DUEDATE'     DSPLY
C     DueDate       DSPLY

 * Determine the date 23 days later
 *
C                   ADDDUR    23:*D         DueDate
C     '+ 23 Days'   DSPLY
C     DueDate       DSPLY

 * Add a 1234 microseconds to a timestamp
 *
C     'TIMESTAMP'   DSPLY
C     TimeStamp     DSPLY
C                   ADDDUR    1234:*MS      TimeStamp
C     '+ 1234 MS'   DSPLY
C     TimeStamp     DSPLY

 * Add 12 HRS and 16 minutes to midnight
 *
C     'ANSWER'      DSPLY
C     Answer        DSPLY

C     T'00:00 am'   ADDDUR    12:*Hours     Answer
C     '+ 12 Hrs'    DSPLY
C     Answer        DSPLY

C                   ADDDUR    16:*Minutes   Answer
C     '+ 16 Min'    DSPLY
C     Answer        DSPLY

 * Subtract 30 days from a loan due date
 *
C                   ADDDUR    -30:*D        DueDate
C     'DUEDATE'     DSPLY
C     DueDate       DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY  LOANDATE
DSPLY  31.12.1992
DSPLY  DUEDATE
DSPLY  1994-03-02
DSPLY  + 23 Days
DSPLY  1994-03-25
DSPLY  TIMESTAMP
DSPLY  0001-01-01-00.00.00.000000
DSPLY  + 1234 MS
DSPLY  0001-01-01-00.00.00.001234
DSPLY  ANSWER
DSPLY  00:00 AM
DSPLY  + 12 Hrs
DSPLY  12:00 PM
DSPLY  + 16 Min
DSPLY  12:16 PM
DSPLY  DUEDATE
DSPLY  1994-02-23

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Add(H)

Half adjust (round) of the numeric value while adding the values of the variables.

D a               s              4S 2 Inz(10.25)
D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              5S 1
D Result2         s              5S 2

 //it will add the values of a and b (i.e., 10.25 and 10.20)
 // and assign a 20.45 value to the Result2 variable.
C     a             ADD       b             Result2
C     'Result2'     DSPLY
C     Result2       DSPLY

 //it will add the values of a and b (i.e., 10.25 and 10.20)
 //and assign a 20.5 value to the Result variable by rounding
 //the value from 20.45 to 20.5.
C     a             ADD(H)    b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY Result
DSPLY   2045

For additional insights on this topic, check out our detailed YouTube video from Programmers.io. Click here to watch

Add

Adds the numeric values of the variables.

D a               s              4S 2 Inz(10.25)
D b               s              4S 2 Inz(10.20)
D Result          s              5S 2

 //it will add the values of a and b (i.e., 10.25 and 10.20)
 // and assign a 20.45 value to the Result variable.
C     a             ADD       b             Result
C     'Result'      DSPLY
C     Result        DSPLY

C                   SETON                                        LR

Output

DSPLY Result2
DSPLY   2045
DSPLY Result

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